Dynamic Systems Theory and Psychodynamic World View

energetic Systems theory and Psychodynamic World ViewEmma LeveyPsychodynamic world hitchThe psychodynamic view focuses on underlying subconscious and unconscious(p) processes, as head as the conscious. Emphasis is placed on stage progression, overcoming conflicts, and emotions (Miller, 2011, p. 106/134) with the most known psychodynamic theory existence that of Freud (Miller, 2011, p.110). quadruplet criteria will be outlined and illustrated with Freudian examples, before considering whether an article fits deep down the world view.The first criterion is that of forgiving temper, of which humankinds be passive and enactmentive. Humans are passive collect to the role underlying forces play in driving humans to act and they are vigorous done coping with these forces and attempting to obtain and brinytain offset by means of reducing conflict. The ego is the most nimble personality organize as it self-organises through regulating stimulation arising from the self and the environment, diligently decision making the insidengs to exhibit and continuously processing information (Miller, 2011, p. 134).The second criteria occupys soft or quantitative development, with both be utilize in this world view. Qualitative development is shown through in deuce ways, with the first being that the world view advocates stage development, for example the stages of sexual drive dictum in Freuds theory. The second way is through acquirement of def hold backing team mechanicss and new structures, such as the superego (Miller, 2011, p. 134). However, quantitative switch over is withal doable, as the strength of defence mechanisms and of the structures (such as the ego), locoweed differ which payoffs in voltage for quantitative alteration (Miller, 2011, p. 134).With regards to nature and genteelness, the psychodynamic view takes an interactionist stance. Nature is evident via a focus on biological maturation through metamorphoses in hormones an d biological, unconscious and powerful drives. These drives motivate (e.g. via the Id, Ego and Superego structures) small fryrens development and insidengs to deliver the goods drive satisfaction (Miller, 2011, p. 111-112). However, nurture-based influences (e.g. parents) overly play a part by affecting expression of these nature-based drives. This interaction of nature-based drives and nurture-based constraints dictates drive expression within the environment, with interaction at a young age setting the pattern for eruditeness and coping in later life (Miller, 2011, p. 120, 134-135). Nurture effects are seen to be to a greater extent important in the first five days of life than later life as the child is particularly plastic at this time (Miller, 2011, p. 135).The final criteria is teleology. Development is seen to have an endpoint (Dixon Lerner, 1999), which in Freuds theory is maturation, and is unidirectional as it progresses towards this endpoint. Regression through st ages is executable and often frequent, occurring when anxieties become too difficult to cope with (Dixon Lerner, 1999 Miller, 2011, p. 115). Finally, creator is multidirectional collec put off to the reciprocal effects of nature and nurture resulting in a causal effect on development.Salvatore, S., Eleonora, L. P., Marco, L. (2013). harm and the Father Image Fantasies and Complexes in the inkblot test Test. The Open Psychology Journal, 6, 1-5 doi 10.2174/1874350101306010001.In the interpretation of the Rorschach test, the features of the table IV inkblot evoke a dimension of authority, morals and related emotions. Interestingly, the produce go through is related to ego development and also guides towards matureness via more evolved emotions such as feelings of shame and guilt. In some cases these feelings are ground to be lacking in adults experiencing falloff. The aim of this work is to analyze the birth amid the representational world in relation to the tiro go stead y and depressive mood disorders. The group of subjects is composed of 25 patients who had a psychiatric diagnosing of Depressive episode. The figurehead of specific phenomena brings out the complexes, the uneasy and conflictual birth with the develop figure go down in the unconscious thus emerges. Shock is thereby manifested in relation to the black in which the life-size, dark, and blurred stimulus is perceived as sinister, threatening and dangerous. The trauma emerges in the result of a relationship with a father who has non allowed the child to manage similarities and differences. From the nature of the answers of the Rorschach protocols, it emerges that the typic abilities of subjects are not fully genuine or have been attacked by an previous(predicate) trauma.Human nature in this article was both active and passive. Passive nature is shown by the example of the unconscious drives as The presence of specific phenomena brings out the complexes, the uneasy and conflictual relationship with the father figure submerged in the unconscious thus emerges (Salvatore, Eleoniora Marco 2013, p. 1) with the specific phenomena in this case being the inkblot used to elicit an underlying response concerning the father. Human nature is active through participants subjectively organizing the content and form of the stimuli presented to him (2013, p. 1). Active self-organization is shown through dealing with the self (e.g. father anxiety) and the external inkblot stimulus which enables participants too actively express his feelings and give shapes and meaning to what he sees (2013, p. 1). The active environment can be seen in the Rorschach test which prompts the translation of things and feelings into words and collectible to the external fathers negative influences on space for the vision resulting in the deferment that symbolic abilities of subjects are not fully developed (2013, p. 1-2).In this retrospective study, neither qualitative nor quantitative change was considered, so speculation into both should be done. Potential evidence for qualitative change concerns the inkblot used, which requires a developed imagination top executive referable to its intensity. Thus, use of this inkblot is cogitate with the emergence of a new level of mental functioning and the acquisition of a new qualitative skill, the ability to imagine (Salvatore et al., 2013, p. 1). Other qualitative change could be the development of a new defence mechanism to aid coping with negative father experience. Quantitative change could concern an increase or come down in ego strength, as a result of the father being related to ego development (2013, p. 2).Thirdly, Salvatore and colleagues (2013) punctuate nurture through their focus on father influence. The inkblot used evokes father figure symbolization with the fathers importance shown as he becomes the receptacle holding the feeling of omnipotence (Salvatore et al., 2013, p. 1). The importance of early nurture ex perience is shown as the compromised paternal representation, formulated in the inner world at an early age influences adulthood as it exists timelessly in the perpetuated unconscious (2013, p. 5). Also, participants lacked symbolic ability callable to an early trauma emerging as the result of a relationship with a father (2013, p. 1). As nature is not directly considered, one potential way in which its effects could be seen concerns the participants with depression and the fathers relation to ego development via more evolved emotions, which are lacking in adults experiencing depression (2013, p. 2). As depression is a chemical imbalance, this could be seen as a mediation effect of nature (via depression), upon evolved emotions influenced by the father (nurture) resulting in less advanced development due to this interaction.Concerning teleology, it can be implied that maturity is considered to be the developmental endpoint as the father figure and his relationship with the ego guid es towards maturity (Salvatore et al., 2013, p. 2). This also implies unidirectional development, as development proceed towards maturity. In contrast with the criterion, the article advocates unidirectional causality as it focuses on early father impact upon progression towards maturity as the father figure () guides towards maturity via more evolved emotions such as feelings of shame and guilt, and no mention is made of causality derived from the person (2013, p. 1). This may be due to the retrospective nature of the study as participants are purely reflecting on their relationships with their fathers. Also, no explicit mention of fixation is made.In conclusion, the article of Salvatore and colleagues (2013) is psychodynamic due to its acknowledgement of various required criteria, such as human nature. However, for it to tout ensemble fit in the world view it also should have considered, multidirectional causality, fall backion and explicitly considered qualitative and quantit ative change within the study.Dynamic Systems TheoryDynamic systems theory (DST) is a holistic view due to behaviour only being understood through considering the multiple and uncouth interaction of all system levels in self-organizing systems, with the organism-in-context as the unit of analysis (Miller, 2011, p. 414). Four DST criteria will be presented and an article which fits within DST presented and discussed.In DST, human nature is active and ingrained from the active environment, and thus the person and environment should not be considered separate due to their constant interaction within the developmental system. The active individual is shown through its ability to construct behaviour through experience within a part of the bigger system (Miller, 2011, p. 421) and also through self-organisation (change through the organisms own activities) (Thelen Smith, 2006, p. 259 cited in Lerner, Lewin-Bizan Warren, 2011, p. 28). The environment is active through the role of experi ence and its participation with the organism in mutual interaction. This interaction is important in determining development as the environmental task and the motivations and skills of a person both control and influence the growing factor at a certain time and situation, within the larger system.The second criteria concerns change, which is constant, given and based upon the continuous interaction of the individual and the environment. permute can be on a small or large musical scale, with smaller scale change having the potential to cause large scale system changes. It is also considered on a moment-to-moment time scale or over a longer period (Miller, 2011, p. 417). Change can be quantitative and qualitative, although qualitative change often results due to an accumulation of underlying quantitative change until a critical threshold is passed, resulting in a novel qualitative skill emerging (Miller, 2011, p. 417, 421).The third criteria concerns the nature nurture distinction, which is redundant due to DSTs interactionist stance (Thelen Smith n.d, cited in Lerner et al., 2011, p. 28 Miller, 2011, p. 418). As such, nature and nurture are evenly important in development as change occurs due to the organism-context relation. developmental diversity is the result of differences in the timing of this interaction (Lerner et al., 2011, p. 29).The final criteria is teleology. Regression is seen as possible because the system can regress to a previous attractor state if required. Multiple possible endpoints exist due to the infinite ways in which system parts can combine and result in developmental paths (Thelen Smith, 1998, 2006 cited in Lerner et al., 2011, p. 30). Both the ability to regress and the concept of multiple end points suggests multidirectional development. Finally, causality is configural as development concerns bidirectional relationships within and across coalesced levels of organisation which change over time (Lerner et al., 2011, p. 29).Gra nic, I., OHara, A., Pepler, D., Lewis, M. D., (2007). A Dynamic Systems analysis of parent-child changes associated with successful real-world interventions for high-pressure children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 845-857. doi10.1007/s10802-007-9133-4.Studies have shown that improved parenting mediates treatment outcomes for aggressive children, but we lack small-grained descriptions of how parentchild interactions change with treatment. The current study addresses this gap by applying new dynamic systems methods to study parentchild emotional behaviour patterns. These methods tap moment-to-moment changes in interaction processes within and across sessions and quantify previously unmeasured processes of change related to treatment success. Aggressive children and their parents were recruited from combined advert Management Training and Cognitive-behavioral programs in real world clinical settings. behavioral outcomes were assessed by reports from parents and clin icians. At pre- and post-treatment, home visits were videotaped while parents and children discussed consecutively a supportive topic, a mutually unresolved problem, and some other positive topic. Results showed that world-shattering improvements in childrens externalizing behavior were associated with increases in parentchild emotional flexibility during the problem-solving discussion. Also, dyads who improved still expressed negative emotions, but they acquired the skills to repair conflicts, shifty out of their negative interactions to mutually positive patterns.The article fits in with the criteria of human nature as it constantly considers the parent (environmental influence)-child interactions throughout the study, with The parent-child interactions of children who showed clinically significant improvements (IMPs) were compared to those of children who did not improve (NIMPs) (Granic et al., 2007, p. 847). This therefore shows parent and child to be equally important and inseparable as the analysis focuses on their interaction kinda of separate effects. Another example of the environment and the child as inseparable and active is flexibility, the ability to shift from one emotional state to another according to contextual demands (2007, p. 846). This shows the active childs role in shifting emotional states and the environments role as a trigger.One way in which the article adheres to DSTs concept of change concerns real-time interactions, which are the proximal engines of development (Granic et al., 2007, p. 846), showing this moment-to-moment change to be important. This is further supported by tmeasurement of moment-to-moment changes in interaction processes with and across sessions (2007, p. 845). Granic and colleagues used multiple time scales by also focusing on a longer twelve week period, showing a focus on continuous change (2007). Both qualitative and quantitative change are evident. Quantitative change can be seen in the measurement of i ncreases or decreases in anti-social behaviour across pre- to post- treatment. Qualitative differences were shown as children were classified as Improvers (IMPs) or Non-Improvers (NIMPs) based on a combination of the information from the two quantitative measures (2007, p. 850). Thus, childrens qualitative improvement status in anti-social behaviour was take cared by quantitative changed in measure scores fleeting a threshold (e.g. 20 points reduction in one measure) to determine which group they were classified as.The interaction of nature and nurture, required for the third criteria of DST, is also shown in this article, as it focuses upon how parent-child interactions change with treatment (Granic et al., 2007, p. 845) thus showing an consolidation of child and environment (in the form of the mother and the effect on the treatment). These interactions were the main focus in the study, showing there to be an interaction between nature and nurture in explaining the behaviour tar geted in the article (anti-social behaviour) as the researchers applied dynamic systems methods to study parent-child emotional behavioural patterns (2007, p. 845), as parent-child interactions were notice and videotaped (2007, p. 848).The final criteria is teleology. Despite there being no specific informant to multiple end points, it was suggested that of an infinite number of combinations of system parts is possible, as the dyads trajectory() is plotted in real time on a grid representing all possible behavioral combinations, suggesting multiple developmental paths with different endpoints (Granic et al., 2007, p. 850). Regression was considered as whilst IMPs showed increased flexibility from baseline, NIMPs showed a decrease in flexibility(2007, p. 854). Multidirectionality of development is also seen due to the ability to regress and also because state-space grids were constructed separately for each dyad, showing different trajectories (2007, p. 850). Finally, bidirectional , configural causality was shown as behaviour improvements were associated with increases in parent-child emotional flexibility with the consideration that reciprocal cross parent-child warmth and affection may be a cause of improvements in childrens aggressive behaviour (2007, p. 845/854). This showed parent (environment) and child to exert an interactional causal effect on externalizing behaviour.In conclusion, the above article fits within the DST world view due to its consideration of the environment and a child as a constant interaction, its focus on multiple change time scales, nature-nurture interaction, and its multidirectional view on causality and development.ReferencesDixon, R. A., Lerner, R. M. (1999). A history of systems in developmental psychology. In M.H. Bornstein, M.E. Lamb (Eds.) Developmental Psychology An advanced textbook. fourthly Edition. Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Granic, I., OHara, A., Pepler, D., Lewis, M. D., (2007). A Dynamic Systems anal ysis of parent-child changes associated with successful real-world interventions for aggressive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 845-857. doi10.1007/s10802-007-9133-4Lerner, R.M., Lewin-Bizan, S., Warren, A.E.A. (2011). Concepts and theories of human development. In M.H. Bornstein, M.E. Lamb, (Eds.) Developmental Science An advanced textbook. Sixth Edition. Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.Miller, P. H. (2011). Theories of Developmental Psychology. New York, NY Worth.Salvatore, S., Eleonora, L. P., Marco, L. (2013). Trauma and the Father Image Fantasies and Complexes in the Rorschach Test. The Open Psychology Journal, 6, 1-5 doi10.2174/1874350101306010001